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Cake day: June 10th, 2025

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  • I distinctly remember going to Italy, asking for a pepperoni pizza, getting a pizza with only red peppers on it, then being told that “pepperoni” just means bell pepper in Italian, and that the sausage is actually an American invention. Then smacking myself because the word is actually so obvious.

    It’s weird that they would call the sausage pepper+oni which rather obviously means big pepper, rather than a variation on “salciccia” which obviously means sausage, but the deed is done and everyone is stuck with that confusion now.

    Anyway, I guess that means the answer is both and pepperoni purism is fucked? Imagine being Italian and being asked for a pepper pizza “but only the pepper, no [foreign word for pepper]” and having to cut up sausage for some reason.

    PS: maybe it’s actually a good sign if you get peppers when explicitly asking for only pepperoni: it must mean someone with passing knowledge of Italian works there




  • The generalization of the concept of “life” beyond earth-style carbon-based biochemistry is still in active debate. As far as I’m aware, the most consensual definition is the one called “lyfe” (to distinguish from the aforementioned carbon-based chemistry, a concept formulated by Stuart John Bartlett and John L Wong in 2020). It has four characteristics:

    • dissipation : the ability to use/convert energy sources (arguably a thing that stars do)
    • autocatalysis : the ability to grow exponentually (I guess you could argue it happens during the initial star formation before it reaches an equilibrium… Maybe)
    • homeostasis : the ability to compensate for small disturbances in environment (unclear to me what those disturbances and what this adaptation would be in the case of stars)
    • learning : the ability to record, process and adapt to information (no such thing in stars as far as I know)